|
Abstracts - Saturday (13 May 2017) |
|
|
|
Topic: policies - Session Topic: Policies and Regulations -
Title: Policies Required to Develop GCC Renewable Energy Regionally Abstract: Renewable energy has gained significant importance because of the recent technological advancements that make it economically more viable, low environmental impact compared to the conventional energy sources and the long-term sustainable solutions it promises. The huge capital requirement and technology selection require participation from the private sector to scale up renewable energy capacity installation. Participation from the private sector needs encouraging policies and conducive regulatory environment, which should be a win-win solution for the private developers and the consumers represented by the electricity utilities. Policy makers and the regulators need to think beyond the conventional way to attract sustained investment into the renewable energy sector. The Gulf countries have huge potential for the harnessing solar, wind and other renewable energy sources. Large banks of lands in the Gulf countries can make way for development of grid connected mega renewable energy projects. The issues of renewable energy with respect to reliability and stability can be addressed with the presence of large grids. The six Gulf countries are interconnected through an interconnector with adequate power transfer capacities thereby making a common Gulf grid. The renewable power in the Gulf countries can also be contemplated to be contracted across the borders through the interconnector. Hence, policies and regulations can be made for the entire Gulf region for the development of renewable energy. This paper analyses the potential of renewable energy and the targets defined in each of Gulf countries, the pricing the impacts of renewable energy on the tariffs, proposes various innovative policies and regulations that can be introduced at national level and at the regional level for healthy development of renewable energy. This paper suggests that the power market in the Gulf can be initiated with the development of renewable energy across the region. |
|
|
Topic: renwable energy - Session Topic: Policies and Regulations - Title: Bridging The Gap between Network Security and Safe Control: Secure Control for Power Systems Abstract: Modern power systems are now combining advanced network techniques for control efficiency and resource optimization, but, as a side effect, expose control internals to cyber-attacks and hence induce potential security risks. Off-the-shelf network security solutions (e.g., anti-virus software and network firewalls) cannot be directly applied due to the lack of knowledge on control logics and internals, while the methods for safe control (e.g., fault diagnosis systems and fault-tolerant control methods) can neither work since these methods cannot address attack intelligence that is absent in system faults. As a result, to tackle this challenging security risk, a new research topic, called secure control, emerges and aims to bridge the knowledge gap between network security and safe control. In this paper, we survey this new topic in the literature. Our main contributions are three-fold. First, we review typical cyber-attack models and strategies targeting modern power systems, especially the attacks that are made stealthy to existing control methods. Second, we analyze the perils and pitfalls of current secure control solutions, and consequently reveal three common problems that are still open in this topic: the big data of control process, the heterogeneity of power devices and the arms-race in which attacks and defenders attempt to avoid each other. Third, we explore possible solutions to these open problems and argue the use of adversarial machine learning approaches to the promise. We also discuss the underlying obstacles when adversarial machine learning is applied for secure control, and call for future works on this direction. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Policies and Regulations - Session Topic: Policies and Regulations - Title: Role of Policies in the Progress of Renewable Energy: A Global Perspective Abstract: The role of renewable energy in meeting global energy needs is becoming ever more important for its favorable credentials like abundant, inexhaustible and diverse resources and environmental friendliness. Over the last couple of decades, renewable energy has experienced a rapid growth both in the developed and developing countries. Estimates suggest that renewable technologies have surpassed fossil fuel-based technologies in terms of annual capacity addition at the global level. Renewable technologies, contributing to over 23% of the global power generation, attracted a record 286 billion US$ of new investment in the year 2015. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most prominent renewable technologies. In 2015 it experienced an annual growth rate of over 28% with the net global installed capacity reaching at 227 GW while another 70 GW of capacity addition is estimated to be added during 2016 taking the cumulative figure to over 290 GW. Besides technological advancements and economy of scale, conducive policies have played an important role in rapid progress of renewable energy. The presentation examines the wide ranging renewable energy policies across the world especially in the developed countries which have played instrumental role in promoting renewable energy. Policy recommendations are also made for large and small scale application of renewable energy in GCC countries. |
|
|
Topic: Policies and Regulation - Session Topic: Policies and Regulations - Title: Renewable Energy Sustainable Strategy Abstract: Adapting simply Sustainable Development goal related to renewable energy (goal 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy Energy) should not be expected to make any nation to achieve renewable energy sustainability. In this paper it is discussed the importance of formulating clear, transparent and effective renewable strategic planning which would take into consideration how to reduce the energy demand and how to improve the efficiency of the produced energy and finally how to replace the existing non renewable source of energy like fossil fuel.The kingdom of Bahrain in the study proves that although the available projects concerning renewable energy are few and not integrated but the existing potential is substantial. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Applications, investments and projects in GCC region - Session Topic: Projects in GCC - Title: Vehicle to Grid Integration: Opportunities and Challenges Abstract: Transportation sector is one of the largest consumer of fossil fuels and also the largest contributor to the emissions. Recognizing this issue, advancements have been made in the vehicle technology in the form of hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs). The use of EV has opened a new possibility for the power generation and storage with their integration in to the grid system, which is referred to as vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. This technology provides a cost-effective and efficient solution to the problems of peak in demand and variable supply of renewable energy systems. This study provides a brief over-view of the research conducted in this area along with the identification of opportunities and challenges related to this technology. It is found that this technology can help in reducing emissions and creating energy independence. On the other hand, the smart integration of this technology with the present systems and the economic feasibility of EV for mass users is still under consideration. In the end, a short analysis for its implementation in Bahrain is also presented. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy projects in GCC - Session Topic: Projects in GCC - Title: Bapco’s Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Demonstration Station Abstract: The national refining company in Bahrain has established a pilot-scale green energy station. The station mainly consists of 4 kWp photovoltaic modules, a 1.7 kW wind turbine, a 1.2 kW fuel cell system, two 60 NL/h hydrogen generators (electrolyzers), six 600 NL hydrogen canisters, and four 250 Ah batteries. The station is also connected to the public grid to meet excessive power demand. In this work, the meteorological and energy related data acquired for a period of one year (May 2010 – Apr 2011) are analyzed. Time series analysis is used to model the meteorological data. The energy related data for the various systems involved in the station are analysed for their contributions to the total power generated, environmental effects, performances, and feasibilities. Based on the available one-year data, the following time series models are found to be satisfactory for modelling the meteorologically related variables: ARIMA(1,0,0) for the wind speed, ARIMA(1,0,0) for the solar radiation, ARIMA(0,1,2) for the ambient temperature, and ARIMA(0,1,1) for the solar module’s temperature. For the energy related one-year date, it is found that 70% of the station’s electrical demand is met by the renewable energy resources while the rest is met by the public grid. The share of the solar panel and the wind turbine in the renewable energy mix are found to be 90% and 10%, respectively. The station saved about 1.5 tonnes of CO2 over a year and emitted 621 kg of CO2 due to energy shortage covered by public grid. The efficiencies of the wind turbine, solar panels, and the fuel cell system are verified to be within reasonable ranges. The solar panels are found to be used more effectively compared to the wind turbine, probably due to their location and orientation. Payback period and net present value calculations are used to assess the economic feasibility of the system. The payback period and cost of produced energy for the solar panels are found to be approximately half of that for the wind turbine. However, the cost of produced renewable energy is found to be 14 to 150 times more than what a costumer pay for the government-subsidized electricity in Bahrain. Many other details are investigated and reported in this study. Improvements to the existing systems are also suggested. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy policies and regulations - Session Topic: Policies and Regulations - Title: Feed-in Tariff Structure Development for the Kingdom of Bahrain for PV Electricity Abstract: In this study, the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme was considered to facilitate an effective introduction of renewable energy in the Kingdom of Bahrain. An economical model was developed for the estimation of feasible FIT rates for photovoltaic (PV) electricity on a residential scale. The calculations of feasible FIT rates were based mainly on the local solar radiation, the presumed cost of grid-connected PV system, operation and maintenance cost, and the provided financial support. Internal rate of return and net present value methods were selected for model evaluation with the guide of simple payback period to determine the feasible FIT rates under several scenarios involving different financial support schemes, financing arrangement, and PV system cost. Moreover, to capitalize on the FIT benefits, its impact on the stakeholders – beyond the household – was also investigated in terms of natural gas savings, emissions cutback, job creation, and the PV-electricity contribution towards the energy demand growth. The study recommended the introduction of FIT scheme in the Kingdom of Bahrain for its considerable benefits through a setup where the household would be responsible for purchasing the PV system, possibly through a loan, and the government and the electricity customers would share the FIT cost. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Training, Education, and Intercultural Communication - Session Topic: Training and Education - Title: Capacity Building in the Field of Renewable Energy Abstract: Renewable energy is presently the fastest growing form of energy in the world when compared with fossil fuel based energy and nuclear power. Over the last two decades various forms of renewables including solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) generation, solar water heating, wind power and biofuels have experienced exponential growth across the world. This success of renewables has been driven by not only technological advancements but also conducive policies and public awareness. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries have traditionally relied on oil and gas to meet all their energy needs. In recent years however there has been a realization in the GCC countries to tap their vast renewable energy resources especially solar energy. Subsequently, several initiatives have been taken and a number of large scale solar energy projects have been streamlined. The presentation argues that capacity building and human resource development through training and education of the key stakeholders are critical areas that need to be paid attention to in order to successfully achieve the renewable energy targets. Reflecting upon the relevant best practices from the developed countries, it discusses the state of affairs within the GCC countries in terms of training and education in the field of renewable energy. Finally it makes recommendations for capacity building also taking into account local cultural practices. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Applications or RE projects in GCC region - Session Topic: Training and Education - Title: The Performance of PV Electricity For Building In Four Different Locations in the Kingdom of Bahrain: Three Years Operation of BAPCO Project Abstract: Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) had decided to install a solar PV project which is 5MW of smart PV systems with micro-inverter to produce electricity connected to the national grid. These locations are at University of Bahrain in Sakhier ( middle of a desert) with 0.518 MW, Awali Town with 1.59 MW using car park canopies and light poles , the refinery at Nuwaidrat ( costal region) with 2.892 MW and finally a Building Integrated Photvoltaic (BIPV) at south Awali with 8.64 kW. This project was inspired after the success operation of the Building Integrated Wind Turbine (BIWT) at Bahrain Trade Centre which is two towers linked via 3 skybridges, each holding a 225 kW wind turbine, totaling to 675 kW of wind power capacity, which were turned on, for the first time, on 8 April 2008 . The wind turbines were expected to produce 11to 15 % of the towers need of electricity. Bapco 5 MW PV project was inaugurated in June 2004 and fully commissioned on 1st September 2014 and provides rich data on the performance of each smart solar panel in the array which is made available at Bapco (Bahrain) and Petra Solar Company( USA). It was found that the actual generated solar electricity from PV systems in the four locations, in general, is less than the expected. For, Refinery (2.892 MW) the actually produced solar electricity was 2766MWh and 3563 MWh in 2015 and 2016 , respectively, while the expected was 4267 MW. For UoB (0.518 MW) the actually produced solar electricity was 718MWh, 795 MWh and 711 MWh in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively, while the expected was 765 MWh. For, Awali (1.59 MW) the actually produced solar electricity was 1255MWh and 1869 MWh in 2015 and 2016 , respectively, while the expected was 2346 MWh. For, Sadeem house, or called the Transport building, (8.64 kW) the actually produced solar electricity is 15.6MWh and 28.1 MWh in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while the expected was 11MWh. In fact, the whole project (5 MW) was expected to produce annually 8000 MWh offseting energy of 67,000 Mcf of natural gas and a savings of 6,900 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. This 3 years operation of PV system indicates that in sizing the electricity output using PV in Bahrain, it is advisable to multiply the installed capacity of PV ( in MW) by 365 (days) and 4 hours of sunshine (minimum) to 5 hours ( maximum). It was also found that if PV panels were not cleaned regularly , the loss of solar electricity, in one year, will be from 9 to 11% while in certain dusty days will lose about 45%. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Training, Education and apllications - Session Topic: Training and Education - Title: INTERCONNECTION OF A WIND DRIVEN DOUBLE FED INDUCTION MACHINE WITH THE POWER UTILITIES Abstract: A three phase wound rotor induction machine driven by a wind turbine is interconnected with the power utilities grid. The induction machine is operated as a three phase generator. This is done through the enforcement of the machine to run at over synchronous speed conditions. Extraction of a maximum power from a wind turbine is made possible through the installation of a three phase controlled bridge rectifier as a part from a slip energy recovery system at the rotor windings side of the induction machine. The controlled bridge converter is operated in the “inverter mode of operation”. That is done for the purpose of guarantying the extraction of real power from the rotor as well as from the stator sides of the induction machine. The extracted power is injected into the power utilities grid. The use or the installation of the controlled bridge converter results in the generation of harmonic currents. To overcome the effects of such harmonic currents, three single phase active filters are shunted with the induction machine. The shunted active filters guaranty the sinusoid quality of the power utilities line currents. The overall performance of the proposed configuration has been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. Under different pretended wind speeds, quite satisfactory and encouraging results have been obtained. |
|
|
Topic: - Session Topic: Training and Education Title: Machine Intelligence Based Living and Behavior Learning for Renewable Energy Management in Buildings Abstract: There are energies that are wasted in houses. This is due to the misuse of energy, and long operated devices during the day. Once it comes to houses and buildings that are energized by renewable energy systems and devices, this is a considerable concern. With the rise of renewable resources the expense of the installations in residential and nonresidential use, renewable energies are to be reserved and managed in the most appropriate fashion. This means not to degrade such resources, as the way human lives and interacts with devices now. This research is looking towards the implementation aspects of using smart and machine intelligence to manage energies in houses and big buildings. Machine intelligence has been used to learn patterns of living, behaviors, hence to regulate the use of energies. In addition, this research has been dedicated for the control and management aspects of an intelligent house using fuzzy technique. The machine intelligence core work has been synthesized based on the measurements of particular house parameters such as temperature, lighting, devices, behaviour of use, and others. Such an intelligence control of buildings, has proven to be an effective technique, since it integrates all the possible house situations that might occur during seconds of time, while monitoring the energy through renewable devices. The adopted learning approach has shown the flexible approach of control due to the ability to alter the learning rule based system in accordance to changes of parameters in the building. In Bahrain, nowadays there is a clear vision towards using renewable energies (solar, wind, ), in much wider use for both residential and non- residential. Although, the solar energy will be the main source for such supply, however, timing of sun rise, sun set, and the direction of sun solar rays during the day do place a concern. Within this context, this project illustrates how the machine intelligence can be physically constructed for a typical building, in addition to the essential electronic devices. Machine intelligence will look intelligently at the typical following list complex and interrelated energy consuming devices: (Lamps in and outside the house), (Heating), (Air conditioning, ventilation), (Television, video and stereo equipment), (Irrigation system), (plant in the garden), (Door opener and electronic door locker). (Garage Doors and Shutters), (Electrical windows and Curtains ). The machine intelligence will also consider the hour of sun rise, sun rays directions, living behaviors during days and nights. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Applications or RE projects in GCC region - Session Topic: Application - Title: Nanocrystals for Solar cells Abstract: CuInSe2 nanocrystals were synthesized with hot injection method. The effects of inject temperature, reaction times, et al, on the structure, composition, morphology and optical properties of the nanocrystals were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X ray analysis (EDX) measurements. The triangular shape CuInSe2 nanocrystals with bandgap of about 1.1 eV were obtained and the mechanism of the shape evolution were studied. CuInSe2 nanocrystals thin film solar cells were fabricated and the efficiency of about 1.5% percent was obtained. |
|
|
Topic: renwable energy - Session Topic: Application - Title: Interface Modification as a Route to Improving Performance of VacuumBased Perovskite Solar Cells Abstract: In the fabrication perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as compared to the solution-based and hybrid methods, the advantage of fully vacuum-based methods includes high surface coverage, high purity, compatibility with large area, easy control of film thickness, and smooth surface. In principle, these advantages may result in good performance. However, the most reported power conversion efficiency of PSCs made by vacuum deposition, is considerably lower than the most reported values of solution-based and hybrid sequential devices. In our previous work, the PbI2 phase is found to be inevitably formed at the very initial growth stage (interface) during the growth of evaporated perovskite films, leading to the formation electron barriers at interface of PbI2/MAPbI3 could block electron transport from perovskite layer into electron transport layer (ETL) and thus deteriorate solar cell performance. The disadvantageous phenomenon caused by PbI2 phase at interface can be eliminated by the interface modification through two simple ways. According to the cross-sectional SEM images, after eliminating the PbI2 phase at interface by the interface modification, a clean interface and a high crystallization quality of perovskite layer are obtained, which results in a dramatic enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 13.22%, with VOC, JSC, and FF of 1.024 V, 17.52 mA/cm2, and 73.7%, respectively, as compared to an origin PCE of 8.99%, with VOC, JSC, and FF of 0.991 V, 14.56 mA/cm2, and 62.3%, respectively. The FF of 73.7% is the highest value in the reported PSCs prepared by dual-source evaporation. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Training, Education, and Intercultural Communication - Session Topic: Training and Education - Title: Use of intelligent optimization techniques for wind farm layout design Abstract: Renewable energy has received significant attention in recent years worldwide. One important part of renewable energy is the wind energy. There are several factors that affect efficient generation of wind energy, one of which is optimal layout design of wind farms. However, due to the complexities involved in the layout design process, intelligent optimization techniques have been used for efficient layout design of wind farms. This presentation will signify the role of intelligent optimization algorithms in efficient layout design of wind farms. More specifically, the use of several techniques for wind farm layout optimization, such as genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing, and others, will be highlighted with regard to their applications. Some challenges and future directions of research in the context of these intelligent algorithms and their use in wind farm layout design will be discussed. |
|
|
Topic: Renewable Energy Awareness - Session Topic: Training and Education - Title: Energy saving of used facades’ designs of commercial buildings in Khartoum Abstract: The research will study the outer shell of the building system for being the boundary between the internal and external environment of the building and the most influential and affected by the loss and gain of energy in buildings. |
|
|
Topic: Applications - Session Topic: Application - Title: Human Body Thermal Energy Harvesting for Wearable Devices Abstract: The demand for un-tethered electronic devices is rising, and as a result, there is great focus on managing and reducing the power demands of these devices. Despite these efforts, however, the power requirements of electronic devices has increased greatly. For some people, battery life is more than just an inconvenience. Energy harvesting is a growing area of interest for researchers and the industry. It involves collecting ambient energy and utilizing it to power small electric loads such as in embedded electronics. This project studied the effectiveness of thermoelectric energy harvesting techniques in improving the runtime of small electronic devices attached to human body and reducing their dependence on external energy sources. Thermoelectric harvesting is based on converting a temperature difference into electricity using a TEG device. We found that a thermoelectric energy harvesting system can harvest between 0.1 to 0.8 mW of power from the human body and the output depends greatly on environment temperature, thermal management, and the method of attachment to human body. |
|
|
Topic: photovoltaic inverters (PVI) - Session Topic: Application - Title: FMECA analysis for photovoltaic inverters Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a vast increase of photovoltaic production with a parallel rise in its share in the electricity market around the world. This orientation led to special attention to the quality and reliability of the photovoltaic module and its system. PV inverter (PVI) is one of the essential components in the PV system, and it dominates the maintenance outage activities. Hence, several efforts are carried out to enhance its lifespan and eliminate the potential failure modes before the completion of the design and before failures occur in the field. To this aim and to ensure an optimal selection of PVI, failure modes and effects, and criticality analysis methodology (FMECA) has been discussed in this paper in order to understand the root causes of failures associated with the operation of the critical components in the system. Additionally each failure mode within FMECA analysis will be prioritized in terms of its severity, occurrence and detection. This can be used by decision makers and maintenance crews for a priority order of the maintenance tasks among components. |
|
|
Topic: keynote - Session Topic: keynote - Title: Renewable Energy: The Favorable Option for Future Electricity Production for the Arab Countries Abstract: Renewable Energy (RE) utility, market, investment and industry is accelerating extraordinary. Reports on 2015 and 2016 contains outstanding statistics which proofs that the world is more attracted to produce electricity and heating and cooling from RE compared to other clean energy sources such as Nuclear Energy. RE becomes now a cost- competitive to fossil fuels in many markets and the power generated in 2015 and 2016 saw verge increase. The capacity of RE electricity (including Hydro) in 2015 had reached 1,849 GW (while in 2014 it was 1,710 GW ); hydropower 1,062 GW, bio-power 106 GW , Geothermal 13.2 GW, Solar PV 227 GW, CSP 4.8 GW and Wind power 433 GW. The capacity of electricity from Solar Heat (CSP) had increased 38 GW in 2015. Furthermore, 23.7% of world total electricity capacity (7,802 GW) was from RE and the use of RE in transportation had reached 4% of car fuels on the road. The global investment in RE was USD 286 billion while it was USD 273 billion in 2014. In 2015, about 147 GW of RE electricity was added, which is a record in a year! The global number of Jobs in RE had reached 8.1 million (direct and indirect). Luckily, 173 countries had set policy targets for RE, 110 countries set feed in tariff policies. Surprisingly, Morocco had become the world number one in investing in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in 2015! Many Arab Countries set a policy for the share of electricity generation from RE sources which indicates that they leaning toward RE for Electricity production; these are the followings: Algeria (27% by 2030),Bahrain b(5% by 2030), Iraq (10% by 2030),Jordon 15% by 2015),Kuwait( 10% by 2030), Libya (7% by 2020), Morocco (52% by 2039), Qatar (2% by 2020),Sudan( 20% by 2030) , Tunisia (11% by 2016),, United Arab Emirates ( 7% by 2020 and for Dubai 15% by 2030) , Lebanon ( 12% by 2020) , Egypt (20% by 2020) , Yemen (15% by 2025) , Mauritius (35% by 2025) and Djibouti (35% by 2035). Last year 2016 three major projects where conducted in three Arab Countries: Morocco (Noor Project- Phase 1; 160 MW CSP electricity; Part of 580 MW CSP by 2030), United Arab Emirates (MRA Solar Park in Dubai, 200 MW PV electricity; 1000 MW by 2020) and Kuwait (Shagaya R E complex; 10 MW wind and 10 MW PV electricity; Part of 2000 MW by 2030). The Arab Countries (22 Countries with 422 million habitant) are located as part of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean (latitude from 60° E to 15 °W and longitude from 9 °S to 38° N) and covers a combined area of 13 million km² and its topography qualify it to use all sources of RE but wind and Solar are more favorable. |
|
|
Topic: - Session Topic: Application - Title: Photovoltaic heat island simulation and measurement in a tropical climate Abstract: Due to worldwide effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission and reverse global warming, solar energy, as well as other renewable energy sources, have seen more employment. The energy payback of photovoltaics (PV) has been shown to be positive. The positive impact on reversing climate change by using more photovoltaics is well-established. However, we need to consider more factors when a large-scale PV energy production is used. One such factor is the possibility that a large-scale PV plant (LPV) could exhibit a PV heat island (PVHI) effect. A heat island is an area that has significantly higher temperature compared to the surrounding area due to modification of land surfaces. There are multiple conflicting studies on PVHI. While some studies show that an LPV has no net effect on temperature, latest empirical result shows that the temperature in an LPV is significantly higher (up to 4 Celcius) than nearby areas. PVHI can have negative effects on the surrounding environment such as sudden increase of temperature in waterways, damage to marine life, and greater rainfall in the downwind direction. Our studies have two goals. First, since most PVHI studies have been done in areas with an arid climate, we aim to study PVHI effect in a tropical climate of Thailand. Some have proposed that the presence of vegetation underneath PV panels might mitigate the increase in temperature due to PVHI. Second, we aim to develop a model that can accurately explain PVHI through simulation. |
|
|
Topic:- - Session Topic: - - Title: - Abstract: - |
